Posted on 二月 17, 2010 | Category: 社会
电信运营商要进地铁,得租地铁建的网络,这一规矩的始发地正是广州。八年之后,还是在这里,广州地铁开始允许移动联通们自己建设网络
当地铁遇到电信运营商,会怎样?
这是一场巨头们之间的战斗。在广州,市政府不得不出来说合。
一场协调会之后的结果是,广州地铁开始允许移动联通们自己建设网络。
有趣的是,地铁与电信运营商此前的老规矩——电信运营商要进地铁,得租地铁建的网络——正是发源于广州。
地铁的地盘,运营商做不了主
从地铁诞生那天起,这场斗争就从未曾停息。
而引起公众广泛关注的,当属北京地铁10号线事件。
2008年7月,北京地铁10号线开通后一个月内还是没有手机信号,地铁方称自己搭建好了所有通讯硬件设备,但电信运营商回应因地铁要价太高而迟迟没有接入信号。
10号线事件既不空前,亦非绝后。2006年6月开通的天津地铁1号线,直至两年后奥运会前夕,手机才能打通。2009年7月,上海地铁8号线2期开通,移动电话信号却是时通时不通,媒体曝光一个月后才终于通了。
这样的情况,跟相关法律规定模糊有关。在现行的电信条例中,对于类似情况和费用都并未涉及。
目前,地铁公司大都自行采购设备并建设移动电话通信系统,转而向电信运营商出租,租金构成大致包括:网络建设投资回收,折旧费用,地铁隧道资源费,委建管理费,维保费,一定的投资利润等。
各地的收费情况也不相同,譬如深圳和南京是一条线路一共向运营商收取1480万元/年,上海是以基站数来计算,此前一个基站20多万,现在涨到了100多万,维护费、机房租赁费等另计。在广州,则是以地铁里程为单位来计算。
广州地铁新生意
这样的模式,其实发源于广州。
1999年6月28日,广州地铁一号线正式运营,当时只在地铁内临时安装移动通讯信号接收设备,以解决地铁站厅和站台使用手机的问题,在隧道中没有信号。随着地铁客流增大,以及移动电话的普及,广州地铁决定建立一套能够将移动通讯信号引入地下的通讯系统,并明确提出,将向移动电话运营商提供租赁服务,租赁收入作为弥补地铁运营亏损的渠道之一。
2001年,这套系统建成,使得广州地铁一号线成为国内实现GSM数字移动电话信号全线覆盖的地铁线路,虽然广州其实不过是全国第四家开通地铁的城市。
随后,在2002年1月8日中国联通CDMA网络刚启动试运营时,地铁一号线关于CDMA网络的临时引入系统也同步开通,成为国内第一条将CDMA网络引入的地铁线。
由此,广州地铁开启了国内地铁自建网络收租金的样板。
与此相对应的是,2002年广州地铁首次出现盈利,运营补亏、折旧后的经营利润达227万元。其中,通讯经营收入增幅最大,达到1354万元,同比增长553万元。而通讯经营最核心的业务就是地铁民用通信——地铁公用电话,移动电话信号传输、覆盖,光纤、电路租赁。
此后,随着地铁线路的不断开通,里程不断增加,这个新生意越来越大。
更重要的是,费用在不断调整。尽管地铁方面没有透露相关情况,但从年报可见端倪:2008年度广州地铁年报显示,广州地铁通讯公司全年的经营收入为4150万元。这个数字比上一年猛增了一千来万,但2007年、2008 年地铁并没有新开线路或站点。
运营商抱团战地铁
费用的上涨让运营商感到了难以忍受——他们原本就已对这样的模式感到非常不快,要知道,在写字楼/商场等其他地方,往往都是别人求着他们去覆盖信号。
更重要的是,运营商们发现一些新苗头,新火车站、珠江新城中轴线商圈等其他物业方也准备效仿地铁,自建移动电话信号覆盖系统,然后等着收租。
2009年前三季,中国移动的每用户平均收入从去年同期的83元降至75元。中国电信的每分钟使用量平均收入也在继续下降。而另一方面,目前国务院已批复24个城市的地铁建设规划,2015年前后将规划建设七十余条地铁。如果这七十多条地铁以及更多物业方都得交纳越来越高的“入场费”,运营商的业绩将受到威胁。
这让一贯强势的运营商们再也坐不住了,提请市政府关注并调解此事。于是,有了今年7月1日三家运营商和地铁公司在广州市政府主持下的协调会议。
会上,市政府有关人员表态,地铁的专长在运输,电信运营商的专长在通讯。所以会议最终确定,今后由运营商自行负责建设覆盖地铁的信号系统,地铁公司收取相应的空间租赁费,费用标准由各运营商与地铁公司协商。
不过,如今这一协调会已经过去3个多月了,三家运营商和地铁的谈判还在进行中,之前的费用怎么继续,将来空间租赁费怎么算,具体怎么施工,都还是一团乱麻。
“这次协调会上最大的收获,是电信运营商将信号系统建设权拿了回来。”广州一家运营商的部门负责人李先生评价说,这一模式的改变是最重要的,既厘清了地铁和电信运营商的角色问题,也基本上断了其他试图仿效者的想头。
【南方周末】
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